Tài liệu A Student Grammar of French pptx

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A Student Grammar
of French
MALCOLM OFFORD
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK
First published in print format
isbn-13 978-0-521-54762-8
isbn-13 978-0-511-22025-8
© Malcolm Offord 2006
2006
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g
e.or
g
/9780521547628
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
isbn-10 0-511-22025-1
isbn-10 0-521-54762-8
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
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Contents
Acknowledgements page xix
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Verbs: 1 4
1 Introduction 4
2Verbs 4
3Treatment of verbs 4
Discursive treatment of verbs 5
Infinitives 5
4 Infinitives 5
Person 5
5Person 5
Mood 5
6 Mood 5
Tense 6
7Tense 6
8Tenses 6
9Presentation of tenses 7
10 Infinitives and conjugations 7
11 Infinitive endings for the four groups 7
12 Subgroups 7
13 Group 1 –er verbs, Group 2 –ir verbs, Group 3 –re verbs, Group 4 –oir
verbs 8
14 The formation of tenses – simple and compound tenses 8
Indicative mood 9
Present tense 9
15 Group 1 –er verbs 9
16 Present tense of Group 1 –er verbs 9
17 Subgroups 9
18 –er verbs Subgroup 1 9
19 –er verbs Subgroup 2 10
20 –er verbs Subgroup 3 10
21 –er verbs Subgroup 4 10
22 Group 2 –ir verbs 11
23 Present tense of Group 2 –ir verbs 11
24 –ir verbs Subgroup 1 11
25 –ir verbs Subgroup 2 11
26 –ir verbs Subgroup 3 12
27 –ir verbs Subgroup 4 12
28 –ir verb mourir = to die 12
v
Contents
29 Group 3 –re verbs 12
30 Present tense of Group 3 –re verbs 12
31 –re verbs Subgroup 1 12
32 –re verbs Subgroup 2 13
33 –re verbs Subgroup 3 13
34 –re verbs Subgroup 4 14
35 –re verbs Subgroup 5 14
36 –re verbs Subgroup 6 14
37 –re verbs Subgroup 7 14
38 Group 4 –oir verbs 15
39 Present tense of Group 4 –oir verbs 15
40 –oir verbs Subgroup 1 15
41 –oir verbs Subgroup 2 15
42 –oir verbs Subgroup 3 15
Imperfect tense 16
43 Using and forming the imperfect tense 16
44 Examples of the imperfect tense Groups 1–4 17
Future and conditional tenses 18
45 Using the future and conditional tenses 18
46 Endings of future and conditional tenses 18
47 Examples of future and conditional tenses of Group 1 –er verbs 19
48 Stem changes of Group 1 –er verbs 19
49 Group 1 –er verbs with radical stem variation 20
50 Examples of future and conditional tenses of Group 2 –ir verbs 21
51 –ir verbs Subgroup 3 21
52 Group 2 –ir verbs with radical stem variation 21
53 Future and conditional tenses of Group 3 –re verbs 22
54 The exceptions
ˆ
etre and faire 22
55 Future and conditional tenses of Group 4 –oir verbs 22
Participles 23
56 Present participles 23
57 Exceptions 24
58 Past participles 24
59 Formation of past participles Groups 1–3 24
60 Group 3 –re verbs with distinctive past participles 25
61 Past participles of Group 4 –oir verbs 25
Compound tenses 25
62 General comments 25
63 avoir or
ˆ
etre?25
64 Verbs conjugated with
ˆ
etre and agreement 26
65 Verbs which may be conjugated with either avoir or
ˆ
etre 27
Perfect tense 27
66 Formation 27
67 Perfect tense of Group 1–4 verbs 27
Pluperfect tense 29
68 Formation 29
69 Pluperfect tense of Group 1–4 verbs 29
Future perfect tense 30
vi
Contents
70 Formation 30
71 Future perfect tense of Group 1–4 verbs 30
Conditional perfect tense 31
72 Formation 31
73 Conditional perfect tense of Group 1–4 verbs 31
Past historic tense 32
74 Past historic 32
75 Past historic tense of Group 1 –er verbs 33
76 Examples of Group 1 –er verbs 33
77 Past historic tense of Group 2 –ir verbs 33
78 Examples of Group 2 –ir verbs 33
79 –ir verbs Subgroup 4 34
80 –ir verbs exceptions to Subgroup 2 and mourir 34
81 Past historic tense of Group 3 –re verbs 34
82 Group 3 –re verbs with past historic endings in –i– 34
83 Group 3 –re verbs with stem variation 35
84 Group 3 –re verbs with past historic endings in –u– 35
85 Past historic tense of Group 4 –oir verbs 36
86 Group 4 –oir verbs with past historic endings in –i– 36
87 Group 4 –oir verbs with past historic endings in –u– 36
Past anterior tense 37
88 General comments 37
89 Formation 37
90 Examples of Group 1–4 verbs 37
Subjunctive mood 38
Present subjunctive tense 38
91 Formation 38
92 Group 1 examples of the present subjunctive 38
93 Group 1 verb which diverges from the normal pattern – aller 39
94 Group 2 examples of the present subjunctive 39
95 Group 3 examples of the present subjunctive 39
96 Group 3 verbs which diverge from the normal pattern 40
97 Group 4 examples of the present subjunctive 40
98 Group 4 verbs which diverge from the normal pattern 40
Imperfect subjunctive tense 41
99 Formation and usage 41
100 Examples of the imperfect subjunctive 41
Perfect and pluperfect subjunctive tenses 42
101 Formation 42
102 Examples of Group 1–4 verbs 42
Pronominal verbs 43
103 Pronominal verbs 43
104 Compound tenses 43
105 Agreement of past participles 44
106 The variable values of reflexive pronouns – how to interpret the
pronouns 44
107 Occasional difficulty in deciding whether the pronoun is direct or
indirect object 46
vii
Contents
108 The agreement in compound tenses of pronominal verbs with
direct objects and those with indirect objects 47
109 Verbs that are always pronominal and those that are
sometimes pronominal 47
Voice 48
110 Active and passive voice 48
111 Restrictions on conversion from active to passive voice 48
112 Formation of the passive voice 48
113 Examples of the passive voice 49
114 Avoiding and using the passive voice 49
Exercises 50
Chapter 2 Verbs: 2 53
Using verbs 53
Mood 53
The imperative mood 53
115 The imperative 53
116 The restricted forms of the imperative 53
117 The forms of the imperative 53
118 Forming the imperative 53
119 Exceptions 54
120 Forming the imperative of pronominal verbs 54
121 Meaning of the imperative 55
122 Alternatives to the imperative 55
123 The imperative combined with object pronouns 56
Indicative and subjunctive moods 56
124 The indicative and subjunctive moods and tenses 56
Present tense 56
125 Uses – 1: present moment; 2: habitual time; 3: universal time 56
126 4: marking continuous time 57
127 Other uses of the present tense – 5: future; 6: past 57
Past tenses 58
128 Past tenses 58
Imperfect tense 58
129 Uses – 1: duration; 2: interrupted time; 3: description;
4: repeated action 58
Past historic tense 59
130 Uses 59
Perfect tense 60
131 Uses – 1: past affecting present; 2: past divorced from present 60
Pluperfect tense 61
132 Uses 61
Past anterior tense 61
133 Uses 61
Double compound past tense 62
134 Uses 62
Future tense 62
135 Uses – 1: future; 2: attenuation of imperative 62
viii
Contents
136 Other ways of referring to the future 63
Future perfect tense 63
137 Use 63
Conditional tense 63
138 Uses – 1: conveying future in reported speech; 2: as corollary of
conditional clause; 3: conjecture 63
Conditional perfect tense 64
139 Uses – 1: conveying future perfect in reported speech; 2: hypothesis;
3: conjecture 64
140 Differences in tense usage in French and English 65
141 Differences between French and English use of tenses – 1: sequence
of tenses 65
142 Differences between French and English use of tenses – 2: depuis,
ilya 66
143 Differences between French and English use of tenses – 3: venir de 67
Subjunctive mood 68
144 When to use the subjunctive 68
145 Use of tenses in the subjunctive 68
146 Sequence of tenses in the subjunctive 68
147 Illustration of the sequence of tenses in the subjunctive 68
Grammatical circumstances requiring the subjunctive 69
148 In clauses introduced by a conjunctive expression 69
149 In clauses depending upon a verb or expression conveying an emotion 73
150 In clauses depending upon a verb or expression conveying avoiding,
chance, denial, evaluation, forbidding, (im)possibility, improbability,
necessity, uncertainty 75
151 In relative clauses depending upon a superlative formed with plus
or moins 78
152 In noun clauses introduced by le fait que or que alone 78
153 In clauses depending upon a range of indefinite expressions, equivalent
to words in –ever –pronouns whoever, whatever, adjective whatever, adverbs
however, wherever 78
Grammatical circumstances where the subjunctive may be used 80
154 Optional subjunctive 80
155 In clauses depending upon a superlative not formed with plus or
moins and upon such expressions as dernier, premier, seul 81
156 Other situations where the subjunctive is optional 81
157 Use with apr
`
es que 82
158 Pluperfect subjunctive equivalent to conditional perfect 82
Modal verbs 83
159 Definition of a modal verb 83
160 devoir 83
161 pouvoir 84
162 savoir 87
163 vouloir 87
Impersonal verbs 88
164 Impersonal verbs 88
Defective verbs 89
ix
Contents
165 Defective verbs 89
Exercises 90
Chapter 3 Tabular treament of verbs 92
166 Order of presentation 92
Indicative mood 93
Group 1 –er verbs 93
167 Group 1 –er verbs 93
Group 2 –ir verbs 96
168 Group 2 –ir verbs 96
Group 3 –re verbs 98
169 Group 3 –re verbs 98
Group 4 –oir verbs 103
170 Group 4 –oir verbs 103
Subjunctive mood 106
Group 1 –er verbs 106
171 Group 1 –er verbs 106
Group 2 –ir verbs 109
172 Group 2 –ir verbs 109
Group 3 –re verbs 111
173 Group 3 –re verbs 111
Group 4 –oir verbs 115
174 Group 4 –oir verbs 115
Exercises 117
Chapter 4 Verb list 119
175 Using the list 119
176 The list 119
Chapter 5 Nouns and adjectives 129
Nouns 129
177 Nouns 129
Gender 130
178 Gender 130
179 Assigning gender 130
180 Patterns for masculine gender 131
181 Patterns for feminine gender 133
182 Awkward cases of gender identity 134
183 Names of countries, towns and rivers 135
184 Homonyms 136
185 Nouns requiring special attention 138
186 Nouns designating people and animals 138
187 Gender of compound nouns 139
Number 141
188 Count and mass nouns 141
189 Markers for forming the plural of nouns 142
190 Plural of compound nouns 144
191 Different usages of number in French and English 145
x
Contents
192 Contrast between singular and plural usage in French 146
Adjectives 146
193 Adjectives 146
194 Adjectives and gender 146
195 Adjectives with a variable masculine form 149
196 Adjectives and number 149
197 Adjectives and agreement 150
198 Agreement of certain prepositional and adverbial expressions involving
past participles 151
199 Comparison of adjectives – comparative and superlative forms –
1: comparative and superlative of inequality; 2: comparative of equality 152
200 Use of ne / le in clauses following a comparative 153
201 The more the merrier 153
202 The position of adjectives 153
203 Adjectives which change their meaning according to their position 155
204 Adjectives that may occur before or after the noun without
change of meaning 157
205 Multiple adjectives 157
Exercises 158
Chapter 6 Pronouns 161
206 Pronouns 161
Personal pronouns 161
207 Personal pronouns 161
208 The forms 162
209 Elision of certain pronouns 163
210 Position of pronouns – 1: subject pronouns; 2: object pronouns 163
211 Order of object pronouns 164
212 Order of pronouns with the imperative 165
213 Position of pronouns with an infinitive and the presentatives voici
and voil
`
a 166
214 Agreement of past participles with a preceding direct object 167
215 First person personal pronouns 167
216 Second person personal pronouns 168
217 Third person personal pronouns 169
218 Different usages in French and English 170
219 ce and il with reference to persons 170
220 Neuter subject pronouns 171
221 ce or il?1–1:whenfollowed by an adjective; 2: followed by
adjective + infinitive; 3: followed by adjective + clause; 171
222 Distinguishing il and ce:2 173
223 The use of c’est to highlight a section of an utterance 174
224 Use of on 174
225 Agreement of adjectives and past participles with on 176
226 on and its other forms 176
227 Personal pronouns – object 177
228 The various values of the reflexive pronouns me, te, se, nous, vous 178
229 le referring to a previously expressed concept 179
xi
Contents
230 Dealing with the anticipatory it of English 179
231 Stressed personal pronouns: 1 180
232 Stressed personal pronouns: 2 181
233 Stressed personal pronouns: 3 182
234 en and y 182
235 en 182
236 y 184
Demonstrative pronouns 185
237 Demonstrative pronouns 185
238 Examples of demonstrative pronouns 186
239 The neuter demonstrative pronouns ceci, cela, c¸a 187
Possessive pronouns 188
240 Possessive pronouns 188
241 Examples of possessive pronouns 188
Quantifying and indefinite pronouns 189
242 Quantifying pronouns 189
243 Examples of quantifying pronouns 189
244 la plupart 190
245 Indefinite pronouns and related expressions 190
246 Examples of indefinite expressions 191
Exercises 191
Chapter 7 Determiners 195
247 Determiners 195
The articles 195
248 The three articles 195
249 Forms of the three articles 196
250 Position of the articles 197
251 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – article
in French where none is used in English: 1 198
252 Article in French where none is used in English: 2 199
253 Article in French where none is used in English: 3 199
254 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – no
article in French where there is one in English 200
255 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – a
different article in French from English 201
256 Differences between French and English usages of the articles – usage
with titles 203
257 Differences between French and English usages of the articles –
lists of nouns 203
258 Zero article 204
259 When des becomes de 206
260 More de – use of indefinite and partitive articles with a
negative expression 208
261 Repetition of article 208
262 Which article? 208
263 La nouvelle Ath
`
enes 209
xii